úvod do ucw - znakové sady

[Pavel Makovec]

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martin mare=B9, http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mj/linuxcs/#keymaps =
p=ED=B9e:
> Znakov=E9 sady
>=20
> Ji=BE od mali=E8ka Linux podporuje vym=ECnitelnou znakovou sadu pro =
konzoli.
> A od nepam=ECti to m=EClo n=ECjak=E9 h=E1=E8ky: hlavn=ED probl=E9m je =
v tom, ze kdy=BE
> panove od IBM (Institute of Black Magic?) vyv=EDjeli svoji VGA kartu,=20
> rozhodli se, =BEe implementuj=ED 9-pixelov=FD font, kter=FD by vypadal =
o n=ECco=20
> esteti=E8t=ECji ne=BE p=F9vodn=ED 8-pixelov=FD, co m=ECla EGA, =
nicm=E9n=EC necht=EClo se=20
> jim ukl=E1dat n=ECkam onen dev=E1t=FD bit. Vy=F8e=B9ili to tedy velice =
=B9alamounsky:=20
> do dev=E1t=E9ho pixelu d=E1vali hardwarov=EC barvu pozad=ED, ov=B9em =
aby to=20
> nerozbo=F8ilo r=E1me=E8kov=E9 znaky, u znak=F9 s k=F3dy 0xb0 a=BE 0xdf =
se pou=BEije=20
> barva pixelu p=F8edchoz=EDho.

tomu moc nerozum=EDm, ale d=E1vno p=F8ed vga vznikla 437, kter=E1 =
obsahuje
grafick=E9 znaky v=E8etn=EC r=E1me=E8k=F9 jednoduch=FDch, dvojit=FDch a =
kombinovan=FDch.
(o vt100 a dal=B9=EDch znakov=FDch sad=E1ch pro s=E1lov=E9 =
po=E8=EDta=E8e ani nemluv=EC)

> Aby se Linux mohl s t=EDmto =B9=EDlenstv=EDm vyrovnat (uznejte, =BEe =
v=ECt=B9ina=20
> k=F3dov=E1n=ED znak=F9 pou=BE=EDvan=FDch v nedosovsk=E9m sv=ECt=EC - =
jako nap=F8=EDklad=20
> ISO-8859-cokoliv - m=E1 v t=E9to z=F3n=EC norm=E1ln=ED znaky a =
p=F8=EDpadnou grafiku=20
> m=E1 zcela jinde), musely b=FDt zavedeny mapovac=ED tabulky =
konvertuj=EDc=ED=20
> k=F3dy znak=F9 na jejich pozice ve fontu (viz p=F8=EDkaz mapscrn).=20

iso-8859-2 grafick=E9 znaky nedefinuje. snahy tyto znaky p=F8idat
je nutn=EC nestandardn=ED a vede k probl=E9m=F9m z toho =
vypl=FDvaj=EDc=EDch.

> Ov=B9em Linuxov=E1 implementace VT100 podporuje hned n=ECkolik=20
> r=F9zn=FDch mapov=E1n=ED - nap=F8=EDklad VT100-grafiku, IBM-grafiku =
apod.,=20
> p=F8i=E8em=BE p=F8ed chv=EDl=ED popsan=E9 p=F8ek=F3dov=E1v=E1n=ED se =
d=ECje pouze pro jeden=20
> z t=ECchto m=F3d=F9. Tud=ED=BE aby fungovala grafika, mus=ED se =
pom=ECrn=EC=20
> nechutn=FDm zp=F9sobem modifikovat termcap, terminfo a kdo v=ED,=20
> co je=B9t=EC v=B9echno, a p=F8emapovat grafick=E9 znaky ve v=B9ech =
t=ECchto=20
> souborech. I to ovsem ob=E8as nep=F8inese k=FD=BEen=E9 ovoce (tedy ono =

> p=F8inese, ale pon=ECkud zka=BEen=E9), jeliko=BE se tak grafika =
v=ECt=B9inou=20
> p=F8emapuje do oblasti 0x80 a=BE 0x9f, ji=BE vet=B9ina program=F9 =
pova=BEuje=20
> za znaky =F8=EDd=EDc=ED, a tud=ED=BE nezobraziteln=E9.=20

americk=FD soft m=E1 r=E1me=E8ky z 437, kter=E9 nejsou v iso-8859-2. =
bu=EF
bude u.s. soft iso (bez r=E1me=E8k=F9), nebo nem=F9=BEeme b=FDt iso =
my...

> Na=B9test=ED se b=EChem v=FDvoje Linuxu 1.3.X objevilo =F8e=B9en=ED =
nov=E9 v=B9ech=20
> t=ECchto probl=E9m=F9 prost=E9: kernel za=E8al podporovat mapov=E1n=ED =
znak=F9=20
> p=F8es 16-bitov=FD k=F3d UniCode. Zkr=E1tka a dob=F8e, pro ka=BEd=FD=20
> z popisovan=FDch m=F3d=F9 konzole existuje p=F8evodn=ED tabulka do=20
> UniCode, plus je=B9t=EC jedna definovateln=E1 u=BEivatelem (tu =
ostatn=EC=20
> nakonec pro =E8e=B9tinu vyu=BEijeme) a pak je je=B9t=EC definov=E1na =
konverzn=ED=20
> tabulka z UniCode do k=F3dov=E1n=ED fontu, =E8=EDm=BE se v=B9echny =
konverze=20
> daj=ED prov=E9st jednodu=B9e a docela rychle.

ide=E1ln=ED by asi bylo nem=EDt =BE=E1dn=E9 p=F8evodn=ED tabulky a =
pou=BE=EDvat jen
unik=F3d. to je ale asi zat=EDm jen =E8ir=E1 utopie pro =
po=E8=EDta=E8ov=E9 laiky...

pavel makovec

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